Mohnish Pabrai: There's Only One Warren Buffett

Here's a wonderful interview on Mohnish Pabrai. Enjoy!

• Mohnish Pabrai currently manages Pabrai Investment Funds, which he founded in 1999. The fund has around half a billion dollars in assets under management. Pabrai went to the US in 1982 to do his undergrad in computer engineering. After that, he worked with Tellabs in Chicago. In 1990, he started his own company TransTech, an IT services/system integration business and ran that for around ten years, before starting Pabrai Investment Funds. He has written a book on investing, The Dhandho Investor: The Low-Risk Value Method to High Returns. Excerpts from an interview:
  
  How did you get into investing business from information technology?
  Around 1994 I heard about Warren Buffett for the first time accidentally. The first couple of biographies about him had just been published a year or two before that. I read those books and I was quite blown away by some data points that were coming out about him and the industry and so on. I didn’t have any experience or even education in the investment business. But I was very intrigued by it.
  
  I started to invest in the public equity markets using Buffett’s model in 1994 and basically did extremely well, north of 70% a year, till about 1999. I was getting more and more interested in investment research and securities analysis and made a decision to leave my company. I brought in an outside CEO and decided that I would spend more time on investing and at the same time some friends of mine wanted me to manage their money for them. It started as a hobby in 1999 with about a million dollars from eight people. About a year later the business (TransTech) actually got sold, I wasn’t running it anyway, but I was completely cashed out. And then I thought that let’s make my hobby a real business, try to scale it up and get investors. We now manage about $500 million — ten years later.
  
  How did you narrow down on Warren Bufett and value investing?
  Basically in 1994, when I read about Buffett, there were two things that stood out. One was that he had compounded money at a very high rate. If you are compounding at a high rate, even if you have a small amount of money — let’s say a million dollars — in thirty years you could have a billion dollars. So the idea of compounding at a rate above the market rate is an extremely fine notion because it can lead to enormous wealth creation. That was the first thing.
  
  The second thing was that the way Buffett was compounding money at a rate higher than the market was based on a core wisdom which he stood for. If you are physicist, whether you believe in gravity or not, it will always impact you. Just like there are laws of physics, laws of gravity, there are laws of investing.
  
  I noticed in 1994 that the mutual fund business had two things: one, they did not follow the laws of investing, and two, their results were affected by the fact that they did not follow the laws of investing.
  
  For example, a basic law of investing is that you make very few bets, you don’t buy a hundred companies because you are not going to have an understanding of business. But if you look at mutual funds, that is not the way they operate.
  
  So essentially, what you are saying is that investors should make fewer bets?
  So you make few bets, you make big bets, infrequent bets and you only make bets when the odds are heavily in your favour. What I found very funny was that here is a guy (Buffett) who is telling you very much the approach to investing he follows, and this is like Newton telling you the laws of physics. The second thing is that the investment industry does not care about these laws, and their results reflect it.
  
  The third conclusion I came to is, I said, OK, if what I am saying is right, what it means is that a person like myself, who has no experience in this industry, could come in and apply Buffett’s rules and do better than all these managers running all these funds. So I said, well, that hypothesis means nothing until you test it out. I had an asset sale take place of a part of my business in 1994, and I had about million dollars in cash, sitting with me for which I did not have any need for.
  
  I decided I am going to take this million and put this on a twenty or thirty-year compounding engine. I was about 30 years old, I wanted to see if by the age of sixty I had my billion dollars. I started playing this thirty-year game in 1994, and basically I found that first of all, it was very enjoyable and second, that it’s been fifteen years now and the original hypothesis I had is absolutely correct — which is that the industry doesn’t get it, they still haven’t changed their ways, and there results reflect that.
  
  What are the factors you look at before deciding to invest in a company? Can you give us an example?
  The first thing you got to look at is, “I am not buying a stock, but I am buying a business.” And you only buy the business if you were willing to buy the entire business if you had money for it. So, for example, if Reliance Industries has a market cap of $100 billion and you had a $300 billion, the question you would ask yourself is, would I buy the entire business for a $100 billion?
  
  The first thing is that you are not buying pieces of paper, but you are buying an entire business. The second is that you ask yourself, do I understand the business? Do I truly understand how it will work, how it makes money, how will it do in the future?
  Then the third thing is, if Reliance produces $3 billion a year cash flow and it trades for $100 billion, I have no intention of buying it at 33 times cash flow. It is like I have no interest in putting money in an account that pays 3% interest.
  
  So I love Reliance, maybe, if the fair value of business is 15 times cash flow, which is $45 billion. And since I am cheapskate, I don’t want to buy it for more than half its fair value, so I just say to myself, that if it goes below $20 billion in value — or one-fifth the current price — then I will look at it again. In fact, that is the way to look at the Indian Sensex. You take all the Reliances, the Wipros and Infosyses of the world, chop their price by four, and that’s your entry price.
  
  What has been your most successful stockpick till date?
  You know that’s a very funny question. The most successful company I ever invested in is Satyam. I invested in 1995, and I was completely out by 2000. When I invested the stock was at Rs 40, and Satyam’s earnings at that time were about at Rs 12 a share, so you were buying a business for three-and-a-half times earnings. And the more interesting thing for me was that property the company had in Hyderabad exceeded the market capitalisation as it was carried at a value that was bought a long time ago.
  
  The only reason I knew about Satyam was because I was in the IT services space. These guys had actually visited us to see if they could do business together. And I had been pretty impressed by the way the business operated and the people I had met.
  
  I looked at it from my investment point of view after was amazed that such a business could trade at such a price. So I invested in Satyam. In 2000, it was trading at Rs 7,000, that is about a 150 times the price I bought it at. This was in the days before demat, and actually when I bought the stock with an account through Kotak that I had in Mumbai, I was given physical delivery of these shares that looked like tattered pieces of paper that were falling apart.
  
  Satyam from less than a PE of 3 to more than PE of 100. I just said I am out of it because now I owned a bubble stock even though I did not buy it at bubble price. I sold my entire position within 5% of the peak. Within six months it had dropped from Rs 7,000 to Rs 1,000, and continued on the sidelines for a while. That was the best deal that I ever made.
  
  I also happened to read somewhere that you wear shorts to work and do not as a matter of habit short stocks?
  Well, I am wearing shorts right now … the math for for shorting is really bad. When you are long on a stock, as it goes down in price, the position is going against you and it becomes a smaller portion of your portfolio. In shorting, it is the other way around: if the short goes against you, it is going to become a larger position of your portfolio. When you short a stock, your loss potential is infinite; the maximum you can gain is double your value. So why will you take a bet where the maximum upside is a double and the maximum downside bankruptcy?
  
  Also, any time you short a stock, you are hooked to a (stock price) quote machine for life support because you have to watch what is happening all the time. Many a times, when I am travelling in India, it could be several days when I don’t have a quote for any positions that I hold. So I don’t want to be a in a situation where I have an umbilical cord linked to some quote machine … and blood pressure going up and down.
  
  Do you have investments in emerging markets like India and China or do you stick to the stocks in the US market?
  I would say that most times a very large portion of our portfolio has a lot of exposure to the global market. I have (shares in) several companies in Canada. I own (shares in) one Chinese company and an Egyptian company, I don’t own any Indian companies right now, but I use to own Satyam. Also Pabrai Funds use to own Dr Reddy’s.
  
  You have said in the past that investment ideas come to you by reading a lot…
  An investor should think of himself as a gentleman of leisure. Don’t think that you are in some profession. You just think that you are a person who is focused on enjoying and living life well. If you focus on yourself as a gentleman of leisure what is going to happen is that you do not feel any compelling reason to act. It has been several months since I have bought any new stock. And that is not a problem because we went through a period in December when we bought ten stocks. The first thing is that we are in a profession were you don’t pay for activity, you get paid for being right. So there should be no compelling reason to act. Basically, the thing you do is you take out the reason to act.
  The second thing you do is you focus on acquiring worldly wisdom. I read an enormous amount of stuff and relate to what different investment managers who I respect are saying. So, at times, things become no-brainers.
  
  In the fourth quarter of last year, when everything was going to hell, one part of the market that went to extreme hell was commodity-related stocks. Commodity-related stocks absolutely got crushed. 95% down. 90% down. And if you simply keep in mind that you look at the growth rates of India and China, you can get an insight.
  
  Through our foundation Dakshina I spend a good amount of time in rural India. I can see nuances about India, that most people would not see. You can see that the pressure on the few commodities in the earth’s crust is tremendous.
  
  China has severe problems with fresh water and you really have big problems with agriculture with those type of water issues. When you have growth rates of 7-8%, people will want to eat the best. Generally it is proven that protein consumption climbs very high when economies do well. It is absolutely a given that 10 years from now the amount of agriculture and protein needed will be much higher from today. And getting there will not be easy.
  
  So the thing is there are certain businesses that serve as toll bridges in that space. For example, one toll bridge is if you look at Latin America. It has a lot of land and it is flooded with fresh water rivers. South America can basically take that land and convert it into producing corn and soybean or whatever and export the hell out of it to China. And that is exactly what will end up happening. Latin American agricultural companies with large land holdings today are not excessively priced, they are very cheap. But there is absolutely no way for India and China to satisfy the consumption demand that is coming without going to Latin America. So we will just own the toll bridges and wait.
  
  How much of Warren Buffett’s success can be attributed to his investment prowess and how much to the fact that he is Warren Bufett?
  Well the thing is you could have invested even after Buffett had invested and you could have made six times the money out of it.
  
  In fact there are a couple of professors in Ohio, who studied any stock that Warren Buffett bought, if you bought on the last day of the month, when it was public that he owned that stock, and you sold it after it was public that he had started selling it, you would have generated north of 20% annual rate of return.
  
  I would say that we will never see another Warren Buffett. Just like we will never see any Albert Einstein or another Mahatma Gandhi. Buffett is a very unique individual. His skillsets outside of investment are phenomenal but they get dwarfed by his investing skills. The main thing that makes Warren Buffett Warren Buffett is that he is a learning machine who has worked really hard for, let’s us say seventy years, and is continuously learning every day.
  
  So the thing is if you want to be like Buffett, there is no short cut. First of all, you have to be deeply interested in investing and you have to be very willing spending tens of hours, hundreds of hours, reading the minutiae. There is a very famous value investor called Seth Klarman. He is into horse racing. And his famous horse is called Read the Footnotes.

Source: here

Monish Pabrai: A Sustainable Rally Won't Start Until Mid-2010

On Bloomberg: Stocks Recovery Won’t Start Until 2010, Pabrai Says

• April 21 (Bloomberg) -- U.S. stocks won’t begin a lasting rally until at least mid-2010 because the economy will be mired in a recession for the next two years, predicted Mohnish Pabrai, founder of Pabrai Investment Funds.
  
  The hedge-fund manager, who produced annual returns exceeding 28 percent between 1999 and 2006, is betting commodity producers will gain after the U.S. government’s $12.8 trillion pledge to boost the economy spurs inflation. He also recommends investors stick to companies such as Wal-Mart Stores Inc. and Costco Wholesale Corp. that sell goods people need as unemployment rises and consumer spending weakens.
  
  “The market can’t really go anywhere until the economy is clearly back on track,” Pabrai, 44, said in a telephone interview from Irvine, California. “Where I’m positioning my portfolio, given the next two years of morass, is on the essentials.”
  
  The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, still down 5.9 percent for the year, has surged 26 percent since reaching a 12-year low on March 9. Pabrai’s outlook is more dismal than the median economist estimate in a Bloomberg survey, which calls for economic growth in the fourth quarter and a 2.5 percent drop in the consumer price index, a gauge of inflation, followed by a 1.9 percent increase in 2010.
  
  Pabrai, burned last year by his concentrated equity holdings, says he’s shifted to a strategy of owning smaller stakes in a greater number of stocks. The investor, whose prior goal was to own only about 10 stocks in a fund, now targets positions as small as 2 percent of his assets.
  
  ‘Swimming Naked’
  
  “Buffett has this saying that only when the tide goes out do you know who’s been swimming naked,” Pabrai said, referring to billionaire investor Warren Buffett. “I don’t think I was swimming naked, but I had my shorts a little bit lower than where they should have been.”
  
  In June 2007, Pabrai and fellow money manager Guy Spier spent $650,100 to win a charity auction for lunch with Buffett at New York’s Smith & Wollensky steakhouse.
  
  Pabrai declined to give performance figures for his funds, except to say returns in last two years were “very low.” His funds were once the second-largest owners of Delta Financial Corp., a specialist in fixed-rate subprime mortgages that sought bankruptcy protection in 2007.
  
  The Pabrai Investment Fund 3 Ltd., which managed $51 million as of February, sank 61 percent in 2008, compared with the S&P 500’s 38 percent loss, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Equity hedge funds have lost 22 percent in the past 12 months, according to Hedge Fund Research Inc. in Chicago.
  
  Inflation Trades
  
  Pabrai, who oversees $200 million, has purchased shares of Teck Cominco Ltd., a Vancouver-based copper producer, and Pittsburgh-based Horsehead Holding Corp., which makes zinc, on the prospect inflation will surge as efforts by federal agencies to unfreeze credit markets boost money supply. The $12.8 trillion spent, lent or committed by the government and Federal Reserve to end the recession works out to $42,105 for every man, woman and child in the country, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
  
  Food makers and discount retailers will maintain profits in the recession, while sellers of luxury goods struggle to cope with decreased spending from unemployed consumers, Pabrai said.
  
  The U.S. jobless rate climbed to 8.5 percent in March, the highest in 25 years, and is projected to rise to 9.5 percent in the fourth quarter, according to the median estimate of 59 economists surveyed by Bloomberg.
  
  ‘Serious Problems’
  
  “I wouldn’t say I’m completely confident that by 2011, we’re out of the woods,” said Pabrai, who seeks investments that are cheap relative to their earnings or assets. “The economy has serious problems.”
  
  Still, even as companies like Charlotte, North Carolina- based Bank of America Corp. forecast rising loan losses, Pabrai said there are “fantastic” opportunities to buy financial stocks. Record low interest rates from the Fed and decreased competition among lenders will drive shares of some banks up as much as 10-fold by 2014, he estimated.
  
  He favors Wells Fargo & Co. and Goldman Sachs Group Inc. because they have few rivals and widely known brands. Wells Fargo, located in San Francisco, and New York-based Goldman Sachs rallied more than 16 percent in March as both reported first-quarter profit that beat analysts’ estimates.

Previous posting on Pabrai: Interview With the Man Who Paid $650,100 for Lunch With Buffett!

Interview With the Man Who Paid $650,100 for Lunch With Buffett!

Mohnish Prabai is the man who won the auction for that special lunch date with Warren Buffett.

And the latest Smart Money article has one fantastic interview with Mohnish.

And Nicole Bullock wrote a nice introductory on Mohnish.

• IT OFTEN SEEMS like every hedge-fund manager is reading from the same playbook about how to look, work and behave. Neatly pressed khakis; thumbs glued to a BlackBerry; slick digs in Greenwich or Manhattan staffed by number-crunching research drones. But apparently, Mohnish Pabrai never got his copy. He wears shorts to his Southern California office, keeps e-mail to a minimum and almost never misses his 4 p.m. nap. And forget goosing returns with fancy computer models or using complex derivatives: Pabrai doesn't even sell stocks short.
  
  About the only thing slick about this 43-year-old investor is his market-trouncing track record — annualized returns of nearly 25% since he set up shop in 1999, enough to earn him a growing cult following. His "secret"? Probably the most documented investment strategy around — a bare-bones, Warren Buffett style of stock picking. While that description may inspire yawns — sometimes it seems like everybody claims to be a Buffett disciple — Pabrai takes it to an extreme. His office houses an impressive Buffett mini-museum: a wall covered with photos and articles he's amassed over the years.

Click here for the rest of the article: Looking Up to Warren Buffett

I do enjoy his way of reasoning in buying Pinnacle Airlines. Which is incredible because it's an airline stock!

• SM: What stocks do you like now?
  
  MP: Pinnacle Airlines. Depending on how things work out, it's anywhere from a double to five or six times return in the next two or three years.
  
  SM: An airline?
  
  MP: It's a regional jet company. The large airlines, like Northwest (NWA: 9.06, -0.63, -6.50%) and Delta (DAL: 8.20, -0.55, -6.28%), outsource the small planes to Pinnacle. Many of the reasons why airlines are so terrible — load factors, price wars — don't matter. The revenue is the same whether there is one passenger or the plane is full and whether Northwest charges $200 or $2,000 round-trip. The contracts are long-term, usually 10 years, and will hold up in the event of a merger. So you can estimate what their cash flows will be many years into the future.
  
  SM: What's the investment case?
  
  MP: Pinnacle has more than $10 a share in cash on the balance sheet. In the next few years, free cash flow will be $3 to $6 a share, depending on how much more business they get. With a simple 10 or 15 multiple on those numbers, you end up with $30.
  
  SM: Why are the shares so cheap?
  
  MP: One overhang is that they have a past-due contract with pilots. But not a lot of Wall Street analysts follow Pinnacle, and the business itself is changing. The evolution away from hub-and-spoke and toward more nonstop flights is driving demand for their services. When you connect one small city to another directly, you aren't going to run a jumbo or a 737

And of course his reasoning why he doesn't short a stock.

• SM: Pabrai is a hedge fund, but you don't short. How come?
  
  MP: Because it's a stupid bet. The maximum you can make is double, if the stock goes to zero. The maximum you can lose is infinite. Let's say a stock is at $10, and you short it and it goes to $100. You are down about 1,000%. The extent to which the stock can go up is unlimited.
  
  

Interview With Mohnish Pabrai

Posted on Value Quest, an interview of Mohnish Pabrai on Bloomberg.

Great Stuff, give it a click here: Bloomberg Interviews with Mohnish Pabrai